4G (LTE): Primarily operates in the sub-6 GHz spectrum (specifically 700 MHz to 2.5 GHz). Some versions of LTE, like LTE-Advanced, can utilize higher frequencies in the 3.5 GHz band.
5G: Utilizes a wider range of frequencies. It operates in three main bands:
Low-band (sub-1 GHz): Similar to 4G but with better efficiency.
Mid-band (1-6 GHz): Offers a balance between coverage and speed.
High-band (mmWave, 24-100 GHz): Provides ultra-high speeds but over shorter distances due to its susceptibility to attenuation.
2. Data Rate and Throughput:
4G (LTE): Can provide peak download speeds of up to 1 Gbps (Gigabit per second) under optimal conditions. Average real-world speeds are often in the range of 10-50 Mbps.
5G: Promises significantly higher peak data rates, up to 20 Gbps or even more. Average speeds are expected to range from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps depending on the deployment scenario.
3. Latency:
4G (LTE): Offers latency of around 30-50 milliseconds.
5G: Aims for ultra-low latency, with targets as low as 1 millisecond, although real-world latency might be slightly higher. This low latency is crucial for applications like augmented reality, autonomous vehicles, and real-time gaming.
4. Network Architecture:
4G (LTE): Primarily based on a centralized Radio Access Network (RAN) architecture with large cell towers. This results in longer signal paths.
5G: Introduces a more distributed architecture with the concept of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN). It utilizes smaller cells, including macro, micro, pico, and femto cells, leading to denser networks and better coverage.
5. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO):
4G (LTE): Uses 2x2 or 4x4 MIMO configurations.
5G: Implements advanced MIMO configurations like 8x8 or 64x64, enabling more simultaneous data streams and better spectrum efficiency.
6. Network Slicing:
4G (LTE): Does not inherently support network slicing, which allows operators to create multiple virtual networks on a single physical infrastructure tailored to specific applications or services.
5G: Supports network slicing, enabling customized network services with varying requirements for latency, bandwidth, and reliability.
7. Edge Computing:
4G (LTE): Centralized data processing in distant data centers.
5G: Enables edge computing by bringing computational resources closer to the end-users. This reduces latency and supports real-time applications.
8. Energy Efficiency:
5G: Aims for improved energy efficiency compared to 4G, especially in IoT (Internet of Things) scenarios where devices might operate on batteries for extended periods.
