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5g

Understanding the IMS Core Network Architecture: Key Components and Functional Flow Explained

Explore the IMS Core Network architecture — from CSCF and SBC to MRF and HSS — and learn how each function enables seamless multimedia communication across modern telecom networks.

From PNFs to CNFs: The Evolution of Telecom Network Functions Toward Cloud-Native Architecture

Discover how telecom networks are evolving from Physical Network Functions (PNFs) to Virtual (VNFs) and finally to Container Network Functions (CNFs), enabling automation, scalability, and true cloud-native performance.

Understanding Network Slice Life Cycle Management in 5G: Design, Provisioning, Onboarding, and Healing

Explore the complete network slice life cycle management process in 5G — from design and provisioning to supervision and healing, managed by OSS/BSS and MANO.

ISAC Use Cases and Performance Requirements in 6G Networks: High Accuracy Localization, Sensing, and Mapping

Explore how ISAC (Integrated Sensing and Communication) use cases define 6G performance — from high-accuracy localization to augmented human sensing and gesture recognition.

3GPP Release 15 PSS Architecture Explained: SAND and DASH Integration for Efficient Media Streaming

Explore the 3GPP Rel-15 PSS architecture — how DASH and SAND work together to deliver efficient, adaptive video streaming with improved quality of experience (QoE).

Understanding the 3GPP Client Reference Architecture for VR DASH Streaming Applications

Explore how 3GPP’s VR DASH client architecture enables immersive VR streaming with adaptive bitrate, file decoding, and real-time viewport rendering.

Understanding 5G CU-DU-RU Architecture: O-RAN Split, Interfaces, and Testing Explained

Explore how 5G CU-DU-RU architecture powers flexible, scalable networks. Learn how OAI Labs test CUs, DUs, and RRUs with O-RAN interfaces and simulation tools.

5G and LTE Integration Testing with NFAPI and OAI UEs: Architecture and Simulation Explained

Learn how LTE and 5G integrate using NFAPI, X2, and simulated OAI UEs. Explore how gNB and eNB VNFs interoperate for 5G NSA and SA testing with realistic channel modeling.

Understanding UNI and OTN Architecture: Control, Transport, and Management Planes Explained

Explore the architecture of Optical Transport Networks (OTN) and understand UNI, Control, Transport, and Management Planes with clear explanations and interfaces.

Routing in the OTN: Understanding Step-by-Step, Hierarchical, and Source Routing

Explore routing in Optical Transport Networks (OTN) — from step-by-step routing to hierarchical and source routing. Learn how OTN optimizes data flow through intelligent, layered path selection.