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Network Discovery in Optical Transport Networks (OTN): How OTN Elements Communicate

Discover how OTN network elements perform automatic network discovery through message exchanges like DiscMsg and TCECapReqMsg, enabling intelligent optical connectivity.

Understanding the Multiple Layers of the OTN Network: ODU, OCh, and WDM Explained

Explore the multiple layers of the Optical Transport Network (OTN) — ODU, OCh, and WDM — and learn how they work together to enable high-speed, reliable optical communication.

Understanding OTN Network Interconnections: UNI, NNI, and MNI Explained

Learn how Optical Transport Network (OTN) interconnects users and operators through UNI, NNI, and MNI interfaces for seamless multi-vendor, multi-operator communication.

How OTN Maps Client Payload: Understanding Optical Transport Network Layering and Mapping

Discover how Optical Transport Network (OTN) maps client payloads like Ethernet, IP/MPLS, and Fibre Channel into optical channels using a structured, layered model for efficient data transport.

Understanding Magma 5G Architecture: Integration with ONAP, Kubernetes, and SDN

Explore how Magma integrates with ONAP, Anuket, and Kubernetes to create a scalable, open, and cloud-native 5G network architecture for next-generation telecom deployments.

Inside Modern Telecom Architecture: Orchestrator, Federation Gateway, and Operator Core Explained

Explore how modern telecom architecture integrates orchestrators, access gateways, and federation gateways for seamless LTE/5G network connectivity and automation.

Inside the O-RAN Architecture: Components, Interfaces, and Intelligent Control Explained

Explore how the O-RAN architecture transforms telecom networks through open interfaces, intelligent controllers, and cloud-native disaggregation for 5G and beyond.

vRAN vs Open RAN Explained: Architecture, Differences, and the Future of Radio Access Networks

Discover how vRAN and Open RAN architectures differ in structure, interoperability, and vendor flexibility — shaping the evolution of modern mobile networks.

Evolution of 5G and 6G Spectrum Bands: Frequency Ranges, Capacity, and Coverage Explained

Discover how 5G and 6G spectrum bands evolve from sub-GHz to sub-THz ranges to deliver higher capacity, lower latency, and revolutionary connectivity across industries.

Understanding the O-RAN E2 Interface: Near-Real-Time RIC Signaling and Control Workflow Explained

Explore the O-RAN E2 Interface signaling between Near-Real-Time RIC and E2 Node. Learn how event triggers, control actions, and timers ensure real-time network optimization.